| SANGOR STUDIO |
| | Name and vital stats |
| | | SANGOR STUDIO art studio | NULL |
| | Biographical |
| | | Aka EDITORIAL ART SYNDICATE and CINEMA COMICS | NULL |
| | Packaged or supplied comics |
| | | For BETTER; ACG; DC; WISE; LA SALLE; LEFFINGWELL; RURAL HOME | NULL |
| | Studio personnel |
| | | **Some of these may have worked directly for BETTER and/or DC | NULL |
| | | ADAMS, GREG (byline/) 1946 may be GERALD ALBERT | > 46 |
| | | ALBERT, GERALD (wr/) 1944-46 writing under names: RYAN DAHL; GERALD DEVERS; ALVIN W. GERALD; GREG ADAMS?; GARY ANDERSON? | > 44 45 46 |
| | | ANDERSON, GARY (byline/) 1944 may be GERALD ALBERT | > 44 |
| | | ANTON, ROBERT (byline/) 1946 may be TONY LOEB | > 46 |
| | | ARR, DON [= DON R. CHRISTENSEN] | NULL |
| | | BARON, TOM (wr/pen/ink/) 1946-48 | > 46 47 48 |
| | | BARTHEN, ELS (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | BATHO, BLANCHE (col/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | BATSFORD, BEN (wr/pen/ink/) 1942 from KING FEATURES | > 42 |
| | | BATTEFIELD, KEN (pen/) 1944-46 | > 44 45 46 |
| | | BEARD, CECIL (wr/) | NULL |
| | | BENEDICT, ALAN G. (pen/ink/) 1946-47 | > 46 47 |
| | | BERMAN, TED (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | BIG SHOOTER (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | BLAIR, PRESTON (wr/pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | BLAZER, JUSTIN (byline/) 1946-47 | > 46 47 |
| | | BLITZ, KAY (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-43 | > 42 43 |
| | | BLOSS (pen/ink/) unconfirmed | NULL |
| | | BLUMMER, JON L. (pen/ink/) 1941 | > 41 |
| | | BONNO, COLLUB (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | BRADBURY, JACK (wr/pen/ink/) 1944-47 later directly for publishers | > 44 45 46 47 |
| | | BRICE, ROBERT (pen/ink/) 1946-48 | > 46 47 48 |
| | | BROWER, IRWIN (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | BROWNER, HERMAN C. (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | BUCHANAN, OLIVER (byline/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | BURKE, ROY (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | CALPINI, ORESTES (pen/ink/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | CAROLL, STEPHEN (byline/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | CHAFFIN, JOHN (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | CHAMBERS, ELLIS probably not studio member | NULL |
| | | CHAMPIN, KEN (pen/ink/) 1944-49 | > 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | CHERR, GEORGIA (wr/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | CHERR, PAT (wr/) 1944-52 | > 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 |
| | | CHRISTENSEN, DON (wr/pen/ink/) 1944-49 often signed DON ARR | > 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | COLETON, FRANK (byline/) 1945-46 | > 45 46 |
| | | COOPER, SAM (pen/ink/) 1946-47 unconfirmed | > 46 47 |
| | | COSGRIFF, JACK (wr/) 1945-47 | > 45 46 47 |
| | | CUMMINGS, BETTY (wr/) 1948-50 aka ELIZABETH STARR CUMMINGS | > 48 49 50 |
| | | CUNNINGHAM, JOE (wr/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | CURZON, MATT (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | D., P. (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | DAHL, RYAN (byline/) 1944 probably GERALD ALBERT | > 44 |
| | | DALE, HENRY (byline/) probably GERALD ALBERT | NULL |
| | | DAVIS, JACK (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-43 | > 42 43 |
| | | DAVIS, JIM (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-48 | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | DE LARA, PHIL (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | DENTON, BARRY L. (byline/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | DEVERS, GERALD (byline/) | NULL |
| | | DI MATTIA (pen/ink/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | DONAVAN, HOBART (wr/) 1940s | > 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | DRESSLER, IRVING (pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | DUNN, ED (pen/ink/) 1944-49 | > 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | EASTERLY, JOHN (byline/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | EISENBERG, HARVEY (pen/ink/) 1942 unconfirmed | > 42 |
| | | ELKAN, MAX (pen/ink/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | ELLINGTON, HENRY W. (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | ENDICOTT, JOHN S. (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | F., E. F. E. (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | FARISH, BEN (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | FARNHAM, NELLE (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | FERSTADT, LOUIS (pen/ink/) 1943/46 unconfirmed | > 43 46 |
| | | FEUER, OTTO (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | FIELD, HERB (let/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | FILMONRO = PHIL MONROE | NULL |
| | | FITZGERALD, OWEN (pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | FLEMING, HOMER (pen/ink/) 1946-47 unconfirmed | > 46 47 |
| | | FOSTER, WARREN (wr/) 1945-47 | > 45 46 47 |
| | | GARLAND, DEAN (byline/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | GATES, ART (pen/ink/) 1942-48 unconfirmed | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | GELMAN, WOODY (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | GENTILELLA, JOHN (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | GERALD, ALVIN W. (byline/) for GERALD ALBERT | NULL |
| | | GILDERSLEEVE, HORTENSE (byline/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | GOLDEN, TOM (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | GOLDSMITH, MARCUS (wr/) 1943 under names: MARTIN W. SMITH; MARTIN W. GRUPSMITH; MARTIN SMITH | > 43 |
| | | GOOD, EDMOND (pen/ink/) 1944-48 unconfirmed | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | GORDON, DAN (wr/pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | GORDON, GEORGE (pen/ink/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | GORMLEY, DAN (pen/ink/) | NULL |
| | | GRANT, BOB (pen/ink/) c1953 *No, probably directly for publisher | > 53 |
| | | GROSS, MILT (wr/pen/ink/) 1947-48 | > 47 48 |
| | | GROSSMAN, RUBE (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-44 | > 42 43 44 |
| | | GRUNDEEN, FRANK (pen/ink/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | GUARDINEER, FRED (pen/ink/) 1947-48 | > 47 48 |
| | | GUNN, DON (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | GUTWIRTH, MAURICE (pen/ink/) 1941-45 | > 41 42 43 44 45 |
| | | HAAS, CLARK (pen/ink/) 1948-49 | > 48 49 |
| | | HALE, HENRY (wr/) 1941-44 | > 41 42 43 44 |
| | | HAMILTON, ED (let/pen/ink/) | NULL |
| | | HARING, R. W. (byline/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | HARPER, THURSTON (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-46 | > 43 44 45 46 |
| | | HARRIS, ED (pen/ink/) 1944-45 | > 44 45 |
| | | HARTLEY, AL (wr/pen/ink/) 1947-48 | > 47 48 |
| | | HARVEY, JAY (byline/) 1944-45 | > 44 45 |
| | | HASSET, EDWARD (byline/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | HASTINGS, CHARLES (pen/ink/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | HEIMAN, GORDY (wr/pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | HERMAN, GUS (byline/) 1944 probably GUS SCHROTTER and HERMAN BROWNER | > 44 |
| | | HEUSUTS, W. (pen/ink/) 1944 spelling uncertain | > 44 |
| | | HICKS, ARNOLD (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | HIGHSMITH, PATRICIA (wr/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | HILDRETH, NORMAN (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | HOBART, DONALD B. (byline/) for HOBART DONOVAN | NULL |
| | | HOLLIWELL, LEE (byline/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | HOLT, HARRY (pen/ink/) 1944/48 | > 44 48 |
| | | HOUGHTON, HELEN (wr/pen/ink/) | NULL |
| | | HOWARD, CAL (wr/) 1945-48 | > 45 46 47 48 |
| | | HUBBARD, AL (pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | HUDSON, BILL (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | HUDSON, TEDDIE (ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | HUGHES, RICHARD (dir/wr/) 1942-48 | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | HULTGREN, KEN (wr/pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | HULTGREN, MARTHA (wr/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | IRVING, L. (byline/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | ISAACS, LEO (wr/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | JAMES, LLOYD (byline/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | JAMIESON, R. (byline/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | JAY MORTON (agent/) for catoonists in Florida | NULL |
| | | JILL, JOHNNY (byline/) 1944-46 | > 44 45 46 |
| | | JIM DAVIS (agent/) 1944-c47 for cartoonists on west coast | > 44 45 46 47 |
| | | KARMA, INEZ (wr/pen/ink/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | KARP, BOB (wr/) 1945-47 | > 45 46 47 |
| | | KARP, HUBIE (wr/) 1944-49 | > 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | KARP, LYNN (wr/pen/ink/) 1944-49 | > 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | KATZ, JACK (pen/ink/) 1946-48 unconfirmed | > 46 47 48 |
| | | KENT, MARSHALL (wr/pen/ink/) 1946-47 unconfirmed | > 46 47 |
| | | KERN, RANDALL (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | KIEFER, HENRY (pen/ink/) 1942-48 unconfirmed | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | KINSTLER, EVERETT (pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | L., J. F. (pen/ink/) 1946 probably JIM LOGAN | > 46 |
| | | LAINEY, GARY (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | LAWSON, ROY (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | LEHMAN, RUSTY (pen/ink/) | NULL |
| | | LESLIE, ALLISON (wr/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | LEVIN, BEN (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | LEVINE, IRV (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | LIT-WIN (wr/pen/ink/) | NULL |
| | | LOEB, TONY (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-46 | > 43 44 45 46 |
| | | LOGAN, JIM (pen/ink/) 1942-44 | > 42 43 44 |
| | | LONG, ISSAC (wr/) 1946 unconfirmed | > 46 |
| | | LOOEY = LOU FERSTADT unconfirmed | NULL |
| | | LOOIE = LOU FERSTADT unconfirmed | NULL |
| | | LOTH, PAULINE (pen/ink/) 1942 | > 42 |
| | | LOUGLIN (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | MADENSON, HERBERT (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | MADISON, FRED (pen/ink/) c1943 unconfirmed | > 43 |
| | | MAINWAIRING, IAGO (byline/) 1944-45 | > 44 45 |
| | | MALTESE, MICHAEL (wr/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | MANN, DICK (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | MARKS, MICKEY (wr/) 1946-50/? | > 46 47 48 49 50 |
| | | MARS, LEON (byline/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | MARTIN, BILL (pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | MARTIN, GARY (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | MARTIN, GEORGE (byline/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | MAVER, ALAN (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | MAYO, RALPH (pen/ink/) 1947-48 | > 47 48 |
| | | MC GREGOR, GENE (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | MC HUGH, HUGH (byline/) | NULL |
| | | MC ROBERTS, KERRY (byline/) 1946-47 | > 46 47 |
| | | MC SAVAGE, FRANK (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | MENGES, CHARLES (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | MILLAR, MELVIN (let/) 1940s | > 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | MOHLER, HELEN (let/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | MOHLER, RED (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | MOLDOFF, SHELDON? (pen/ink/) 1943-48 | > 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | MONROE, PHIL (pen/ink/) 1946-47 [signed FILMONRO] | > 46 47 |
| | | MONTOONEY, STEVEN (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | MOONEY, JIM (pen/ink/) 1942 | > 42 |
| | | MOREY, LEO (pen/ink/) 1941-48 | > 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | MORITZ, ED (pen/ink/) 1942-48 unconfirmed | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | MORTON, JAY (wr/) c1942 [Florida representative] | > 42 |
| | | MURPHY, ED (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | MURPHY, T. A. (pen/ink/) 1942 | > 42 |
| | | NAISH (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | NAYLOR, BOB (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-43 from KING FEATURES | > 42 43 |
| | | NORR, L. E. (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | NUBBE, ANNABEL [= RICHARD HUGHES] (wr/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | NUGENT, A. W. (wr/pen/ink/) 1946-47 | > 46 47 |
| | | O'CROTY, PETER (byline/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | OKSNER, BOB (art dir/pen/ink/) 1942-47 | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 |
| | | ORIOLO, JOE (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-43 | > 42 43 |
| | | OWEN, RALPH (pen/ink/) | NULL |
| | | PAIKER, FRANK (pen/ink/) 1948 | > 48 |
| | | PAT, E. D. (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | PATIN, RAY (wr/pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | PATTENGILL, WILLIAM B. (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | PAZMINO, VICTOR (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-48 | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | PEREZ, MANUEL (pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | PERKINS, CURT (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | PETERS (pen/ink/) 1948 could be ERIC | > 48 |
| | | PILLET, SIDNEY (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | PLAISTED, MAX (pen/ink/) c1944 unconfirmed | > 44 |
| | | PLATT, KIN (wr/pen/ink/) 1942-43 | > 42 43 |
| | | PRATT, HAWLEY (pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | PROSS, AL (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | PURDY, PAUL (wr/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | QUINLAN, CHARLES (pen/ink/) 1942-48 unconfirmed | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | R., R. E. [= ELEANOR?] | NULL |
| | | RANDALL, JAY (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | RAVIELLI, LOUIS (pen/ink/) 1948 | > 48 |
| | | RICHARD HUGHES (dir/) 1942-48 | > 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | RILEY, LARRY (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | RISS, PETE? (pen/ink/) -1946- | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | ROSEN, SAM (let/) 1941 | > 41 |
| | | ROSLYN, FRANK (wr/) 1948 | > 48 |
| | | ROWLAND, WILL (pen/ink/) 1941-43 | > 41 42 43 |
| | | S., E. [= ERICH SCHENK] | NULL |
| | | SAGENDORF, BUD (wr/pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | SAMALMAN, ALEXANDER (wr/) 1944-47 editor at STANDARD, so probably not shop | > 44 45 46 47 |
| | | SANGOR, BEN (prop/) | NULL |
| | | SAUNDERS, M. W. (wr/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | SCHENK, ERICH (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | SCHROTTER, GUS (pen/ink/) 1942-46 unconfirmed | > 42 43 44 45 46 |
| | | SCHWALB, HARRY J. (wr/pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | SCHWARTZ, BOB (pen/ink/) | NULL |
| | | SCOTT, LILY K. (wr/) 1946-48 | > 46 47 48 |
| | | SCRIBNER, ROD (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | SHEEHAN, GORDON (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-46 | > 43 44 45 46 |
| | | SINGER, SAM (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | SMITH, E. (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | SOLOMON, BEN (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | SOMMER, PAUL (pen/ink/) 1946-47 | > 46 47 |
| | | SPECTOR, IRV (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | SPOON, G. H. (byline/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | STANLEY, CHUCK (byline/) 1943 [= CHUCK S. STRONG] | > 43 |
| | | STANWOOD, BOB (byline/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | STARR, ELIZABETH (wr/) 1948-49 [= ELIZABETH STARR CUMMINGS] | > 48 49 |
| | | STATER, JIM V. (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | STEIN, MILTON (pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | STEINBROOK, HARRIS (pen/ink/) 1944-49 | > 44 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | STETSTON, LEWIS (byline/) | NULL |
| | | STEVE (wr/pen/ink/) 1943 may be MUFFATTI | > 43 |
| | | STILES, W. D. (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | STREETER, LIN (pen/ink/) 1944-48 unconfirmed | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | STRONG, CHARLES S. (wr/) 1943-47 [aka CHUCK STANLEY] | > 43 44 45 46 47 |
| | | SWIFT, HOWARD (pen/ink/) 1945-46 | > 45 46 |
| | | TALCOTT, JIMMY (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | TALIAFERRO, AL (pen/ink/) 1945-46 | > 45 46 |
| | | TARAS, MARTIN B. (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | TENDLAR, DAVID (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | TILLER, RALPH (pen/ink/) 1945-46 | > 45 46 |
| | | TIPPER, FRANK (pen/ink/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | TURNER, GIL (wr/pen/ink/) 1944-48 | > 44 45 46 47 48 |
| | | TYER, JIM (pen/ink/) 1943-47 | > 43 44 45 46 47 |
| | | UNCLE ANDY pen name (wr/) 1948-49 | > 48 49 |
| | | UNCLE JERRY pen name (wr/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | UNCLE MARCUS pen name [= MARTIN SMITH] | NULL |
| | | UNCLE STANLEY pen name (wr/) 1943 [= CHARLES STRONG] | > 43 |
| | | USHLER, JOHN (pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | VICKERS, VERONICA (byline/) 1946 | > 46 |
| | | W., G. F. (pen/ink/) 1945 may be WHITTIER | > 45 |
| | | W., M. (pen/ink/) 1944 could be MYRON WALDMAN | > 44 |
| | | WALDMAN, MYRON (pen/ink/) 1944 unconfirmed | > 44 |
| | | WALWORTH, JOHN C. (pen/ink/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | WALWORTH, WALLY (wr/) 1943-44 | > 43 44 |
| | | WEISSMAN, SAM (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | WELLMAN, MARK (wr/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | WESSLER, CARL (wr/pen/ink/) 1943-46 | > 43 44 45 46 |
| | | WEST, HENRY T. (byline/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | WEST, JANE (byline/) 1949 | > 49 |
| | | WEXLER, PAUL (wr/) 1947 | > 47 |
| | | WHITEY (pen/ink/) 1944-45 unconfirmed | > 44 45 |
| | | WHITTIER, GORDON (pen/ink/) 1945 unconfirmed | > 45 |
| | | WHITTINGTON, DICK (pen/ink/) 1944 may be VOLNEY WHITE | > 44 |
| | | WICKERSHAM, BOB (wr/pen/ink/) 1945-49 | > 45 46 47 48 49 |
| | | WILHELMS, GEORGE (pen/ink/) 1943/46 | > 43 46 |
| | | WILKERSON, ROD (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | WILKY [= ROD WILKERSON] | NULL |
| | | WILLIAMS, ARMAN (pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | WILLIAMS, DON (wr/pen/ink/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | WILLIAMS, JOANNA (wr/) 1945 | > 45 |
| | | WILLIAMS, SPENCER (byline/) 1943 | > 43 |
| | | WILLMOTT (pen/ink/) 1946 unconfirmed | > 46 |
| | | WINTER, CHARLES A. (wr/pen/ink/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | WINTERS, M. W. (wr/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | WOLFE, RALPH (pen/ink/) 1949 | > 49 |
| | | WRENN, LOU (byline/) 1944 | > 44 |
| | | WRIGHT, KARRAN (pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |
| | | WYLIE, HARRY (pen/ink/) 1943-45 | > 43 44 45 |